It is thus not surprising to find that, even before Venn published his own diagrams, another British logician, Alexander Macfarlane, drew Euler diagrams with a closed figure (square) around to delimit the universe. One must not forget that the representation of the universe is an issue that is prior to Venn diagrams themselves and can be quite naturally asked for in Euler diagrams too. In fact, he was far from being the first to enclose the Universe. The representation of the universe of discourse is often considered as one of Carroll's most important contributions to logic. ![]() This arrangement would involve us in very serious trouble, if we ever attempted to represent “No x’ are y’.” It will be seen that, of the four Classes, whose peculiar Sets of Attributes are xy, xy’, x'y, and x'y’, only three are here provided with closed Compartments, while the fourth is allowed the rest of the Infinite Plane to range about in! ![]() In the appendix addressed to teachers, he writes: Carroll's first criticism of Venn's diagram concerns the universe of discourse.
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